morning and evening

vespertīnus, a, um, adj. [vesper].

Of or belonging to evening or even-tide, evening-:

tempora (opp. matutina),

Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 52: litterae, received in the evening (opp. antemeridianae), id. Att. 13, 23, 1: senatusconsulta, made or passed in the evening, id. Phil. 3, 10, 24:

acies,

a seeing dimly in the evening, Plin. 8, 50, 76, § 203:

cantus,

of the cock, id. 10, 21, 24, § 49:

lucubratio,

id. 18, 26, 63, § 233:

ros,

evening dew, Pall. Nov. 13, 4 et saep.—Adverb.:

si vespertinus subito te oppresserit hospes,

i. e. in the evening, Hor. S. 2, 4, 17; id. Epod. 16, 51; id. S. 1, 6, 113; Prud. Psych. 376.— Absol.:

vespertino rursus pascunt,

at even-tide, Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 11:

matutinis vespertinisque,

in the morning and evening hours, Plin. 30, 10, 24, § 84. —

Of or belonging to the west, western:

regio,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 30:

caeli regio,

Vitr. 4, 5, 1:

populus,

Prud. Psych. 376.

con-do, dĭdi, dĭtum, 3, v. a. [con- = cum, and 2. do], lit., to bring, lay or put together (very freq. in all periods and species of composition).

With the access. idea of uniting, to put or join together into a whole, to form, fashion, produce, make by joining together.

Prop., of the founding of towns or states, to found, establish: Romam, Enn. ap. Varr. R. R. 3, 1, 2, and Suet. Aug. 7 fin. (Ann. v. 494 Vahl.):

oppida,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 142; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 8:

urbem,

Lucr. 5, 1107; Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 2; Sall. C. 6, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 1; Suet. Aug. 18; 47; Just. 2, 4, 15; 2, 15, 1:

arces,

Verg. E. 2, 61:

locum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 92: colonias. Vell. 1, 15; Just. 16, 3, 7:

civitatem,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

regna,

Just. 2, 1 init.:

imperium Poenorum,

id. 19, 1, 1.—Hence, often ante and post Romam conditam, before and after the foundation of Rome, Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 3; cf. Liv. praef. § 6 al.—

Transf. to the inhabitants:

Romanam gentem,

Verg. A. 1, 33:

genus hominum,

Just. 2, 6, 11.—Hence, mid.:

optato conduntur Thybridis alveo,

they settle, Verg. A. 7, 303 (condi proprie dicuntur, qui sibi statuunt civitatem. Conduntur ergo; sedem stabilem locant, Serv.). —

Of the erecting, building of other things, to make, construct, build:

aram,

Liv. 1, 7, 11; 28, 46, 16:

sepulcrum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 26:

moenia,

Verg. A. 1, 276; Ov. M. 3, 13; 14, 775; Just. 2, 12, 4.—

Of written productions, to compose, write, celebrate, write or treat of, describe: SIVE CARMEN CONDIDISSET, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Rep. 4, 10, 12; so,

carmen,

Lucr. 5, 2; Hor. S. 2, 1, 82; id. Ep. 1, 3, 24; id. A. P. 436; Liv. 27, 37, 7; 31, 12, 10; Quint. 10, 1, 56 et saep.:

poëma,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 15:

longas Iliadas,

Prop. 2, 1, 14:

bella,

Verg. E. 6, 7:

Caesaris acta,

Ov. Tr. 2, 336:

proelia,

Stat. Th. 1, 8:

festa numeris,

Ov. F. 6, 24:

alterum satirae genus,

Quint. 10, 1, 95:

aliqua in hac materiā,

id. 3, 1, 19:

prosam orationem,

Plin. 5, 29, 31, § 112:

historiam,

id. 12, 4, 8, § 18; cf.:

aliquid annalibus,

id. 2, 9, 6, § 43:

praecepta medendi,

id. 26, 2, 6, § 10:

laudes alicujus,

id. 22, 13, 15, § 35.— Rarely,

Absol.:

si etiamnum Homero condente Aegyptus non erat,

Plin. 13, 13, 27, § 88.—

Trop., to establish, found, to be the author of, to produce, make:

jusjurandum,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 18:

aurea saecula,

Verg. A. 6, 793:

collegium novum,

Liv. 5, 52, 11:

morem,

Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150:

nova fata,

Verg. A. 10, 35:

aeternam famam ingenio suo,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 53; so,

nomen memorandum,

Sil. 4, 37:

militarem disciplinam artemque bellandi,

Flor. 1, 3, 1:

somniorum intellegentiam (Joseph),

Just. 36, 2, 8.—Of the gods:

portenta sua,

to fuifil, accomplish, Sil. 16, 126.— Impers.:

naturā rerum conditum est, ut, etc.,

Dig. 19, 5, 4.—

With the access. idea of carefulness, to put away, to lay, put, or place somewhere for preservation, etc.; to lay up, store or treasure up (opp. promo).

In gen.

Prop.

Aliquid:

pecuniam,

Cic. Clu. 26, 72:

frumentum,

id. N. D. 2, 63, 157; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 140: condere et reponere fructus, [p. 409] Cic. N. D. 2, 62, 156:

agri multa efferunt, quae... mandentur condita vetustati,

id. ib. 2, 60, 151; cf. id. Brut. 4, 16; Varr. R. R. 1, 62;

Auct. B. Afr. 65: vinum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 13; cf. Mart. 13, 111, 2; Verg. E. 3, 43; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 12:

aliquid proprio horreo,

id. C. 1, 1, 9:

Sabinum testā levi,

id. ib. 1, 20, 3:

pressa mella puris amphoris,

id. Epod. 2, 15:

messem,

Tib. 1, 1, 42:

fruges,

Paul. Sent. 2, 8, 2.—

With the designation of the place (most freq. by in and acc.):

minas viginti in crumenam,

Plaut. Truc. 3, 1, 9:

mustum in dolium,

Varr. R. R. 1, 65, 1:

cineres in urnas,

Suet. Calig. 15:

barbam in auream pyxidem,

id. Ner. 12; cf. id. ib. 47:

legem in aerarium,

id. ib. 28:

libri in sacrarium conditi,

Gell. 1, 19, 10; cf.

the foll.: te in pistrinum,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 120; cf.:

aliquem in custodiam,

Liv. 31, 23, 9; Tac. H. 4, 2:

aliquem in carcerem,

to thrust into prison, imprison, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 29, § 76; Liv. 26, 16, 6; 29, 22, 7; 30, 21, 5;

45, 42, 5: aliquem in vincula,

id. 23, 38, 7; 26, 34, 4. —With adv.:

argentum intro,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 120; id. Truc. 5, 28:

sortes eo,

Cic. Div. 2, 41, 86 Orell. N. cr. —With in and abl.:

litteras publicas in aerario sanctiore,

to keep, lay up, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

se (aves) in foliis,

Verg. G. 4, 473:

novissimo die dein (argyritin) condunt in plumbeo vase,

Plin. 33, 6, 35, § 109.—With abl.:

condidit (libros Sibyllinos) duobus forulis auratis sub Palatini Apollinis basi,

Suet. Aug. 31; Scrib. Comp. 145.—With locat.:

id domi nostrae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 5; cf.:

ut ei jam exploratus et domi conditus consulatus videretur,

i. e. he was sure of it, id. Mur. 24, 49.—

Trop.: teneo omnia;

in pectore condita sunt,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 31:

mandata corde memori,

Cat. 64, 231:

tu, qui omne bonum in visceribus medullisque condideris,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 27:

in causis conditae sunt res futurae,

lie, are contained, id. Div. 1, 56, 128. —Hence,

Esp.,

In econom. lang., to preserve, pickle (for which the access. form condio, īre, became prevalent):

lentiscum in acetum (cf. just before, oleae quomodo condiantur),

Cato, R. R. 117:

ficus in orcas,

Col. 12, 15, 2:

fructum in cados,

Plin. 13, 4, 9, § 48:

corna in liquidā faece,

Ov. M. 8, 666:

oleum,

Suet. Caes. 53.—

In medic. lang., to set:

ossa,

Cels. 8, 23:

calcem,

id. 8, 22:

articulum,

id. 8, 24.—

To inter, bury (cf. compono, II. B. 1. c.):

mortuos cerā circumlitos,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 45, 108:

aliquem sepulcro,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 56; Verg. A. 3, 67; Ov. M. 7, 618; 8, 235:

ossa parentis terrā,

Verg. A. 5, 48; so,

aliquem terrā,

Plin. 7, 54, 55, § 187:

corpora defunctorum in lapide sarcophago,

id. 36, 17, 27, § 131:

fraternas umbras tumulo,

Ov. F. 5, 451; so id. M. 14, 442; Val. Fl. 5, 198:

ossa peregrinā ripā,

Ov. M. 2, 337:

in Tomitanā condar humo?

id. P. 3, 1, 6:

inhumatos Manes,

Luc. 9, 151:

Alexandrum intemperantiā bibendi... condidit,

brought to the grave, Sen. Ep. 83, 23:

patrem,

Phaedr. 4, 4, 30:

fulgura publica condere,

Juv. 6, 587, v. fulgur; cf.:

Aruns dispersos fulminis ignes Colligit et terrae maesto cum murmure condit,

Luc. 1, 606 sq. —

Poet., of time, to pass, spend, live through, bring to a close:

saecla vivendo,

Lucr. 3, 1090:

longos soles cantando,

Verg. E. 9, 52:

cum referetque diem condetque relatum,

i. e. morning and evening, id. G. 1, 458:

diem collibus in suis,

Hor. C. 4, 5, 29:

diem,

Stat. Th. 10, 54; Plin. Ep. 9, 36, 4; id. Pan. 80 fin.; Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 20 fin.:

noctem,

Sil. 4, 482.—In respect to lustrum, v. 2. lustrum, I.—

Transf., to conceal, hide, secrete, suppress:

Sibyllam quidem sepositam et conditam habeamus, ut... injussu senatūs ne legantur quidem libri,

Cic. Div. 2, 54, 112:

quicquid sub terrā est in apricum proferet aetas, Defodiet condetque nitentia,

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 25:

lumen,

Lucr. 4, 434; so,

lunam (nubes),

Hor. C. 2, 16, 3:

aliquid jocoso furto,

id. ib. 1, 10, 8:

vultus,

Ov. M. 2, 330; cf.:

vultum aequore,

id. ib. 11, 255:

enses,

to sheathe, Hor. Epod. 7, 2:

ferrum,

Phaedr. 5, 2, 8:

gladium,

Quint. 8, prooem. §

15: scuta latentia,

Verg. A. 3, 237:

oculos,

to close, shut, Ov. Tr. 3, 3, 44 (but oculi conditi, v. P. a. infra); so,

lumina,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 64:

se in viscera (terrae),

Ov. M. 2, 274:

se sub lectum,

Suet. Calig. 51.—Mid., Plin. 8, 57, 82, § 223:

nocte... aliquot Numidarum turmas medio in saltu condiderat,

i. e. placed in ambush, Liv. 27, 26, 8; so, hostis in silvis armatum militem condidit, Curt. 8, 1, 4; cf.:

ibi Dahas condidit,

id. 7, 7, 32:

(Danai) notā conduntur in alvo,

concealed themselves, Verg. A. 2, 401:

fera murmura,

Prop. 4 (5), 4, 61:

iram,

Tac. A. 2, 28.—With abl.:

his mensibus pisces jacent speluncis conditi,

Plin. 9, 16, 24, § 56:

huic sollertiā est inanium ostrearum testis se condere,

id. 8, 31, 51, § 98:

luna condita tenebris,

Tac. A. 1, 28:

aliquid alvo,

to swallow, Sil. 6, 199.—

Poet.

To thrust or strike in deep, to plunge (cf. abscondo):

ensem in pectus,

Ov. M. 13, 392:

digitos in lumina,

id. ib. 13, 561; 12, 295;

5, 423: ensem totum alicui in adverso pectore,

Verg. A. 9, 348:

telum jugulo,

Ov. M. 13, 459; Sen. Oedip. 1037; cf. pass.:

nihil tam facile in corpus quam sagitta conditur,

Cels. 7, 5, n. 2.—

Trop.:

stimulos caecos in pectore,

Ov. M. 1, 727.—

To hide by sailing away, to lose sight of:

navita condit urbes,

Val. Fl. 2, 443; cf. abscondo.—Hence,

condĭtus, a, um, P. a., close, secret, deep (rare):

praecordia,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 89:

oculi,

deep set, Plin. 11, 37, 53, § 141.—

condĭta, ōrum, n., the laid up store (late Lat.), Cod. Th. 7, 4, 3; Dig. 32, 95 al.

con-do, dĭdi, dĭtum, 3, v. a. [con- = cum, and 2. do], lit., to bring, lay or put together (very freq. in all periods and species of composition).

With the access. idea of uniting, to put or join together into a whole, to form, fashion, produce, make by joining together.

Prop., of the founding of towns or states, to found, establish: Romam, Enn. ap. Varr. R. R. 3, 1, 2, and Suet. Aug. 7 fin. (Ann. v. 494 Vahl.):

oppida,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 142; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 8:

urbem,

Lucr. 5, 1107; Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 2; Sall. C. 6, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 1; Suet. Aug. 18; 47; Just. 2, 4, 15; 2, 15, 1:

arces,

Verg. E. 2, 61:

locum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 92: colonias. Vell. 1, 15; Just. 16, 3, 7:

civitatem,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

regna,

Just. 2, 1 init.:

imperium Poenorum,

id. 19, 1, 1.—Hence, often ante and post Romam conditam, before and after the foundation of Rome, Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 3; cf. Liv. praef. § 6 al.—

Transf. to the inhabitants:

Romanam gentem,

Verg. A. 1, 33:

genus hominum,

Just. 2, 6, 11.—Hence, mid.:

optato conduntur Thybridis alveo,

they settle, Verg. A. 7, 303 (condi proprie dicuntur, qui sibi statuunt civitatem. Conduntur ergo; sedem stabilem locant, Serv.). —

Of the erecting, building of other things, to make, construct, build:

aram,

Liv. 1, 7, 11; 28, 46, 16:

sepulcrum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 26:

moenia,

Verg. A. 1, 276; Ov. M. 3, 13; 14, 775; Just. 2, 12, 4.—

Of written productions, to compose, write, celebrate, write or treat of, describe: SIVE CARMEN CONDIDISSET, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Rep. 4, 10, 12; so,

carmen,

Lucr. 5, 2; Hor. S. 2, 1, 82; id. Ep. 1, 3, 24; id. A. P. 436; Liv. 27, 37, 7; 31, 12, 10; Quint. 10, 1, 56 et saep.:

poëma,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 15:

longas Iliadas,

Prop. 2, 1, 14:

bella,

Verg. E. 6, 7:

Caesaris acta,

Ov. Tr. 2, 336:

proelia,

Stat. Th. 1, 8:

festa numeris,

Ov. F. 6, 24:

alterum satirae genus,

Quint. 10, 1, 95:

aliqua in hac materiā,

id. 3, 1, 19:

prosam orationem,

Plin. 5, 29, 31, § 112:

historiam,

id. 12, 4, 8, § 18; cf.:

aliquid annalibus,

id. 2, 9, 6, § 43:

praecepta medendi,

id. 26, 2, 6, § 10:

laudes alicujus,

id. 22, 13, 15, § 35.— Rarely,

Absol.:

si etiamnum Homero condente Aegyptus non erat,

Plin. 13, 13, 27, § 88.—

Trop., to establish, found, to be the author of, to produce, make:

jusjurandum,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 18:

aurea saecula,

Verg. A. 6, 793:

collegium novum,

Liv. 5, 52, 11:

morem,

Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150:

nova fata,

Verg. A. 10, 35:

aeternam famam ingenio suo,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 53; so,

nomen memorandum,

Sil. 4, 37:

militarem disciplinam artemque bellandi,

Flor. 1, 3, 1:

somniorum intellegentiam (Joseph),

Just. 36, 2, 8.—Of the gods:

portenta sua,

to fuifil, accomplish, Sil. 16, 126.— Impers.:

naturā rerum conditum est, ut, etc.,

Dig. 19, 5, 4.—

With the access. idea of carefulness, to put away, to lay, put, or place somewhere for preservation, etc.; to lay up, store or treasure up (opp. promo).

In gen.

Prop.

Aliquid:

pecuniam,

Cic. Clu. 26, 72:

frumentum,

id. N. D. 2, 63, 157; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 140: condere et reponere fructus, [p. 409] Cic. N. D. 2, 62, 156:

agri multa efferunt, quae... mandentur condita vetustati,

id. ib. 2, 60, 151; cf. id. Brut. 4, 16; Varr. R. R. 1, 62;

Auct. B. Afr. 65: vinum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 13; cf. Mart. 13, 111, 2; Verg. E. 3, 43; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 12:

aliquid proprio horreo,

id. C. 1, 1, 9:

Sabinum testā levi,

id. ib. 1, 20, 3:

pressa mella puris amphoris,

id. Epod. 2, 15:

messem,

Tib. 1, 1, 42:

fruges,

Paul. Sent. 2, 8, 2.—

With the designation of the place (most freq. by in and acc.):

minas viginti in crumenam,

Plaut. Truc. 3, 1, 9:

mustum in dolium,

Varr. R. R. 1, 65, 1:

cineres in urnas,

Suet. Calig. 15:

barbam in auream pyxidem,

id. Ner. 12; cf. id. ib. 47:

legem in aerarium,

id. ib. 28:

libri in sacrarium conditi,

Gell. 1, 19, 10; cf.

the foll.: te in pistrinum,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 120; cf.:

aliquem in custodiam,

Liv. 31, 23, 9; Tac. H. 4, 2:

aliquem in carcerem,

to thrust into prison, imprison, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 29, § 76; Liv. 26, 16, 6; 29, 22, 7; 30, 21, 5;

45, 42, 5: aliquem in vincula,

id. 23, 38, 7; 26, 34, 4. —With adv.:

argentum intro,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 120; id. Truc. 5, 28:

sortes eo,

Cic. Div. 2, 41, 86 Orell. N. cr. —With in and abl.:

litteras publicas in aerario sanctiore,

to keep, lay up, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

se (aves) in foliis,

Verg. G. 4, 473:

novissimo die dein (argyritin) condunt in plumbeo vase,

Plin. 33, 6, 35, § 109.—With abl.:

condidit (libros Sibyllinos) duobus forulis auratis sub Palatini Apollinis basi,

Suet. Aug. 31; Scrib. Comp. 145.—With locat.:

id domi nostrae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 5; cf.:

ut ei jam exploratus et domi conditus consulatus videretur,

i. e. he was sure of it, id. Mur. 24, 49.—

Trop.: teneo omnia;

in pectore condita sunt,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 31:

mandata corde memori,

Cat. 64, 231:

tu, qui omne bonum in visceribus medullisque condideris,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 27:

in causis conditae sunt res futurae,

lie, are contained, id. Div. 1, 56, 128. —Hence,

Esp.,

In econom. lang., to preserve, pickle (for which the access. form condio, īre, became prevalent):

lentiscum in acetum (cf. just before, oleae quomodo condiantur),

Cato, R. R. 117:

ficus in orcas,

Col. 12, 15, 2:

fructum in cados,

Plin. 13, 4, 9, § 48:

corna in liquidā faece,

Ov. M. 8, 666:

oleum,

Suet. Caes. 53.—

In medic. lang., to set:

ossa,

Cels. 8, 23:

calcem,

id. 8, 22:

articulum,

id. 8, 24.—

To inter, bury (cf. compono, II. B. 1. c.):

mortuos cerā circumlitos,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 45, 108:

aliquem sepulcro,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 56; Verg. A. 3, 67; Ov. M. 7, 618; 8, 235:

ossa parentis terrā,

Verg. A. 5, 48; so,

aliquem terrā,

Plin. 7, 54, 55, § 187:

corpora defunctorum in lapide sarcophago,

id. 36, 17, 27, § 131:

fraternas umbras tumulo,

Ov. F. 5, 451; so id. M. 14, 442; Val. Fl. 5, 198:

ossa peregrinā ripā,

Ov. M. 2, 337:

in Tomitanā condar humo?

id. P. 3, 1, 6:

inhumatos Manes,

Luc. 9, 151:

Alexandrum intemperantiā bibendi... condidit,

brought to the grave, Sen. Ep. 83, 23:

patrem,

Phaedr. 4, 4, 30:

fulgura publica condere,

Juv. 6, 587, v. fulgur; cf.:

Aruns dispersos fulminis ignes Colligit et terrae maesto cum murmure condit,

Luc. 1, 606 sq. —

Poet., of time, to pass, spend, live through, bring to a close:

saecla vivendo,

Lucr. 3, 1090:

longos soles cantando,

Verg. E. 9, 52:

cum referetque diem condetque relatum,

i. e. morning and evening, id. G. 1, 458:

diem collibus in suis,

Hor. C. 4, 5, 29:

diem,

Stat. Th. 10, 54; Plin. Ep. 9, 36, 4; id. Pan. 80 fin.; Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 20 fin.:

noctem,

Sil. 4, 482.—In respect to lustrum, v. 2. lustrum, I.—

Transf., to conceal, hide, secrete, suppress:

Sibyllam quidem sepositam et conditam habeamus, ut... injussu senatūs ne legantur quidem libri,

Cic. Div. 2, 54, 112:

quicquid sub terrā est in apricum proferet aetas, Defodiet condetque nitentia,

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 25:

lumen,

Lucr. 4, 434; so,

lunam (nubes),

Hor. C. 2, 16, 3:

aliquid jocoso furto,

id. ib. 1, 10, 8:

vultus,

Ov. M. 2, 330; cf.:

vultum aequore,

id. ib. 11, 255:

enses,

to sheathe, Hor. Epod. 7, 2:

ferrum,

Phaedr. 5, 2, 8:

gladium,

Quint. 8, prooem. §

15: scuta latentia,

Verg. A. 3, 237:

oculos,

to close, shut, Ov. Tr. 3, 3, 44 (but oculi conditi, v. P. a. infra); so,

lumina,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 64:

se in viscera (terrae),

Ov. M. 2, 274:

se sub lectum,

Suet. Calig. 51.—Mid., Plin. 8, 57, 82, § 223:

nocte... aliquot Numidarum turmas medio in saltu condiderat,

i. e. placed in ambush, Liv. 27, 26, 8; so, hostis in silvis armatum militem condidit, Curt. 8, 1, 4; cf.:

ibi Dahas condidit,

id. 7, 7, 32:

(Danai) notā conduntur in alvo,

concealed themselves, Verg. A. 2, 401:

fera murmura,

Prop. 4 (5), 4, 61:

iram,

Tac. A. 2, 28.—With abl.:

his mensibus pisces jacent speluncis conditi,

Plin. 9, 16, 24, § 56:

huic sollertiā est inanium ostrearum testis se condere,

id. 8, 31, 51, § 98:

luna condita tenebris,

Tac. A. 1, 28:

aliquid alvo,

to swallow, Sil. 6, 199.—

Poet.

To thrust or strike in deep, to plunge (cf. abscondo):

ensem in pectus,

Ov. M. 13, 392:

digitos in lumina,

id. ib. 13, 561; 12, 295;

5, 423: ensem totum alicui in adverso pectore,

Verg. A. 9, 348:

telum jugulo,

Ov. M. 13, 459; Sen. Oedip. 1037; cf. pass.:

nihil tam facile in corpus quam sagitta conditur,

Cels. 7, 5, n. 2.—

Trop.:

stimulos caecos in pectore,

Ov. M. 1, 727.—

To hide by sailing away, to lose sight of:

navita condit urbes,

Val. Fl. 2, 443; cf. abscondo.—Hence,

condĭtus, a, um, P. a., close, secret, deep (rare):

praecordia,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 89:

oculi,

deep set, Plin. 11, 37, 53, § 141.—

condĭta, ōrum, n., the laid up store (late Lat.), Cod. Th. 7, 4, 3; Dig. 32, 95 al.

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

ăvĕo, ēre, v. a. [from Sanscr. av, to love, to wish; to satisfy one's self, to be content, to do or fare well], to wish, desire earnestly, to long for, crave (syn.: volo, cupio): avere nihil aliud est quam cupere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 14 Müll.: ab ludis animus atque aures avent Avide exspectantes nuntium, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 70 (Trag. v. 70 Vahl.).—Constr. with inf., acc., and absol.

With inf.:

te imitari aveo,

Lucr. 3, 6:

Illud in his quoque te rebus cognoscere avemus,

id. 2, 216:

res exponere,

id. 4, 778:

rationem reddere,

id. 3, 259:

discedere aventes,

id. 4, 1203:

Non est mihi tempus aventi Ponere signa novis praeceptis,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 1; 2, 6, 99:

propiusque accedere aventi figere pectora,

Ov. M. 2, 503:

valde aveo scire quid agas,

Cic. Att. 1, 15; 2, 18; id. Fin. 2, 14, 46; id. Off. 1, 4, 13; id. Div. 1, 6, 11:

Jam mens praetrepidans avet vagari,

Cat. 46, 7:

avet (ara) spargier agno,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 7:

ipsum L. Paulum omnium oculi conspicere urbem curru ingredientem avent,

Liv. 45, 39, 8; 33, 32, 8; Col. 3, 21, 6:

avebat animus antire statimque memorare exitus,

Tac. A. 4, 71; 12, 36.—

With acc.:

quia semper aves quod abest, praesentia temnis,

Lucr. 3, 957; so id. 3, 1082; 3, 1083:

parto, quod avebas,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 94:

aveo genus legationis ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 15, 11 fin. (acc. to conj. of Gronov.; so B. and K.; v. Orell. ad h. l.); Sil. 9, 371.—

Absol.:

Et mora, quae fluvios passim refrenat aventes,

which restrains the eager river, Lucr. 6, 531, where Lachm. and Munro read euntīs:

Talem dira sibi scelerisque dolique ministram Quaerit avens,

Val. Fl. 2, 123; Aur. Vict. Caes. 3.—

Avens = libens, Laev. ap. Gell. 19, 7.— ăventer, adv., eagerly, earnestly (post - class.), Sid. Ep. 2, 2; v. Amm. 18, 5 and 19.

ăvĕo (or, acc. to Quint. 1, 6, 21, hă-vĕo; cf. Spald. ad l. l. and Schneid. Gr. 1, p. 185), ēre, v. n. [v. 1. aveo init. ], to be or fare well; except once in Mamert., used only in the imper. ave, aveto, avete, and inf. avere, as a form of salutation, both at meeting and separating, like salve and chaire (hence, Fest. p. 13 explains it by gaudeo).

In gen., Hail! God bless thee, farewell! adieu (prob. not used by Cic.): Caesar simulatque, Have, mihi dixit, statim exposuit, [p. 214] i. e. had saluted me, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 4:

numquam dicis Ave, sed reddis etc.,

Mart. 3, 95, 1:

Ave! gratiā plena, Dominus tecum!

Vulg. Luc. 1, 28:

Jesus occurrit illis dicens Avete!

ib. Matt. 28, 9.—

In mock homage (eccl. Lat.): dixit Ave! Rabbi,

Vulg. Matt. 26, 49; 27, 29; ib. Marc. 15, 18; ib. Joan. 19, 3.—Haveto at the end of a letter, Cato ap. Sall. C. 35, 6; and Ave at the beginning, August. ap. Gell. 15, 7, 3:

Marcus avere jubet,

Mart. 3, 5, 10 al. —

Esp.

As a morning greeting (diff. from vale, a greeting at separating in the evening; cf. Suet. Galb. 4:

ut liberti servique mane salvere, vesperi valere sibi singuli dicerent): et matutinum portat ineptus ave,

Mart. 1, 56, 6; 1, 56, 109 fin.; 4, 79, 4; 7, 39, 2.—

As a farewell to the dead, = vale: Atque in perpetuom, frater, ave atque vale, *Cat. 101, 10;

and so frequently in inscriptions,

Inscr. Orell. 2663; 4732; 4734; 4735;

4742. But in Martial avere is distinguished, as a greeting to the living, from valere, a greeting to the dead: Jam satis est, Afer: non vis avere: vale!

Mart. 9, 7, 4. And thus the ambiguity of avere in the anecdote in Suet. Claud. 21 is to be explained: Emissurus (Claudius) Fucinum lacum naumachiam ante commisit. Sed cum proclamantibus naumachiariis, Ave ( farewell), Imperator, morituri te salutant: respondisset, Avete vos (i. e. as dying), neque post hanc vocem, quasi venia data (since they interpreted the exclamation as live!), quisquam dimicare vellet, etc.—

As a mere expression of goodwill (eccl. Lat.):

nec Ave ei dixeritis,

nor bid him God-speed, Vulg. 2 Joan. 10, 11.

.. cum is avere jubeat, qui jam fecit, ut averem, Mamert. Grat. Act. ad Julian.

crĕpuscŭlum, i, n. [creper], twilight, dusk (cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Müll.); and in partic., evening twilight, the dusk of the evening (opp. diluculum, the morning twilight, dawn; poet. or in post-Aug. prose).

Prop., Plaut. Cas. prol. 40; Ov. M. 1, 219; 15, 681; id. F. 4, 735; Plin. 18, 25, 58, § 219; Suet. Ner. 26 al.—

In gen., darkness:

iter per opaca crepuscula,

Ov. M. 14, 122; cf. id. ib. 11, 596.

ăvĕo, ēre, v. a. [from Sanscr. av, to love, to wish; to satisfy one's self, to be content, to do or fare well], to wish, desire earnestly, to long for, crave (syn.: volo, cupio): avere nihil aliud est quam cupere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 14 Müll.: ab ludis animus atque aures avent Avide exspectantes nuntium, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 70 (Trag. v. 70 Vahl.).—Constr. with inf., acc., and absol.

With inf.:

te imitari aveo,

Lucr. 3, 6:

Illud in his quoque te rebus cognoscere avemus,

id. 2, 216:

res exponere,

id. 4, 778:

rationem reddere,

id. 3, 259:

discedere aventes,

id. 4, 1203:

Non est mihi tempus aventi Ponere signa novis praeceptis,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 1; 2, 6, 99:

propiusque accedere aventi figere pectora,

Ov. M. 2, 503:

valde aveo scire quid agas,

Cic. Att. 1, 15; 2, 18; id. Fin. 2, 14, 46; id. Off. 1, 4, 13; id. Div. 1, 6, 11:

Jam mens praetrepidans avet vagari,

Cat. 46, 7:

avet (ara) spargier agno,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 7:

ipsum L. Paulum omnium oculi conspicere urbem curru ingredientem avent,

Liv. 45, 39, 8; 33, 32, 8; Col. 3, 21, 6:

avebat animus antire statimque memorare exitus,

Tac. A. 4, 71; 12, 36.—

With acc.:

quia semper aves quod abest, praesentia temnis,

Lucr. 3, 957; so id. 3, 1082; 3, 1083:

parto, quod avebas,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 94:

aveo genus legationis ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 15, 11 fin. (acc. to conj. of Gronov.; so B. and K.; v. Orell. ad h. l.); Sil. 9, 371.—

Absol.:

Et mora, quae fluvios passim refrenat aventes,

which restrains the eager river, Lucr. 6, 531, where Lachm. and Munro read euntīs:

Talem dira sibi scelerisque dolique ministram Quaerit avens,

Val. Fl. 2, 123; Aur. Vict. Caes. 3.—

Avens = libens, Laev. ap. Gell. 19, 7.— ăventer, adv., eagerly, earnestly (post - class.), Sid. Ep. 2, 2; v. Amm. 18, 5 and 19.

ăvĕo (or, acc. to Quint. 1, 6, 21, hă-vĕo; cf. Spald. ad l. l. and Schneid. Gr. 1, p. 185), ēre, v. n. [v. 1. aveo init. ], to be or fare well; except once in Mamert., used only in the imper. ave, aveto, avete, and inf. avere, as a form of salutation, both at meeting and separating, like salve and chaire (hence, Fest. p. 13 explains it by gaudeo).

In gen., Hail! God bless thee, farewell! adieu (prob. not used by Cic.): Caesar simulatque, Have, mihi dixit, statim exposuit, [p. 214] i. e. had saluted me, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 4:

numquam dicis Ave, sed reddis etc.,

Mart. 3, 95, 1:

Ave! gratiā plena, Dominus tecum!

Vulg. Luc. 1, 28:

Jesus occurrit illis dicens Avete!

ib. Matt. 28, 9.—

In mock homage (eccl. Lat.): dixit Ave! Rabbi,

Vulg. Matt. 26, 49; 27, 29; ib. Marc. 15, 18; ib. Joan. 19, 3.—Haveto at the end of a letter, Cato ap. Sall. C. 35, 6; and Ave at the beginning, August. ap. Gell. 15, 7, 3:

Marcus avere jubet,

Mart. 3, 5, 10 al. —

Esp.

As a morning greeting (diff. from vale, a greeting at separating in the evening; cf. Suet. Galb. 4:

ut liberti servique mane salvere, vesperi valere sibi singuli dicerent): et matutinum portat ineptus ave,

Mart. 1, 56, 6; 1, 56, 109 fin.; 4, 79, 4; 7, 39, 2.—

As a farewell to the dead, = vale: Atque in perpetuom, frater, ave atque vale, *Cat. 101, 10;

and so frequently in inscriptions,

Inscr. Orell. 2663; 4732; 4734; 4735;

4742. But in Martial avere is distinguished, as a greeting to the living, from valere, a greeting to the dead: Jam satis est, Afer: non vis avere: vale!

Mart. 9, 7, 4. And thus the ambiguity of avere in the anecdote in Suet. Claud. 21 is to be explained: Emissurus (Claudius) Fucinum lacum naumachiam ante commisit. Sed cum proclamantibus naumachiariis, Ave ( farewell), Imperator, morituri te salutant: respondisset, Avete vos (i. e. as dying), neque post hanc vocem, quasi venia data (since they interpreted the exclamation as live!), quisquam dimicare vellet, etc.—

As a mere expression of goodwill (eccl. Lat.):

nec Ave ei dixeritis,

nor bid him God-speed, Vulg. 2 Joan. 10, 11.

.. cum is avere jubeat, qui jam fecit, ut averem, Mamert. Grat. Act. ad Julian.